The Complete History of African
American Quarterbacks in the
National Football League (NFL)
By Lloyd M.
Vance, Editor of BQB-Site.com,
Website dedicated to the History, News, and Accomplishments of African American
Quarterbacks.
With many
African American Quarterbacks achieving success in the Pee Wee, Scholastic,
College, and Professional ranks and with the retirements of the first wave of
prominent African American Quarterbacks (James Harris, Doug Williams, Warren
Moon, Randall Cunningham, and others), I felt that reviewing the history of
these men and the pioneers before them was much needed. History has shown that the journey of the
African American QB was not an easy one, but when given the opportunity these men
thrived in a system that was sometimes stacked against them. African American Quarterbacks are now in
2007, no longer an anomaly and are thriving.
Their journey was definitely justified this past year as Warren Moon
became the first Full Time African American Quarterback inducted into the Pro
Football Hall of Fame. His induction was
a testament to himself and his predecessors at the position that overcame
obstacles seen and unseen. Moon rode
into the Hall of Fame on the shoulders of Willie Thrower, Marlin Briscoe, James
Harris, Doug Williams and other pioneering African American quarterbacks. African American Quarterbacks in their
history have been shunned, converted to other positions, fought for inclusion,
stereotyped (Drastic Misconceptions about the Leadership and Intelligence of
African American Quarterbacks) and chased opportunities in other leagues, but
they have persevered to go from an Unwanted Oddity to Flourishing leaders. Their extensive history is documented below:
Early Years (1890’s – 1946)
The first
mention of African Americans playing football was in a College Football game
played on November 23, 1892 (Thanksgiving) between
historically black colleges Biddle (Later Johnson C. Smith) and
Livingstone. The game was won by Biddle
by a score of 4-0. After the historic
game many African Americans continued to play during this era for historically
black colleges and predominantly white universities. In the early days of pro football the African
American professional football player was just another player in a renegade
sport. African American Football players
along with Whites and Native Americans were just trying to survive in an era
where baseball, boxing, and college football reigned superior on the American
Landscape. The pro football was
considered barbaric and illegal, because it lacked structure, a fan base, and
the prestige of college football. Teams were loosely organized around
factories/colleges/athletic clubs, featured players that jumped around from
team to team, sporadic to little pay, fraught with fighting, and had college
players play under assumed names. In the
Pre-NFL days African American players from Colleges and Schools were recruited
to play, with usually a promise for a job during the week. These players included: Halfback Charles W.
Follis (Wooster) Shelby Athletic Club 1902-06, who is known to be the first
black professional football player, Halfback Henry McDonald (Canandaigua
Academy), who played for the Rochester Jeffersons from 1911-1917, and Halfback
Charles (Doc) Baker, who did not attend college, but played for the Akron
Indians from 1906-08 and 1911.
Until
1906, the forward pass was illegal in the game of football, so there was not a
true “Quarterback”. The first
authenticated pass completion in a pro game came on October
27, 1906
when George (Peggy) Parratt of Massillon threw a completion to Dan (Bullet)
Riley in a victory over a combined Benwood-Moundsville team. Before the forward pass, the ball was hiked
to the “Back” or “Signal Caller” and he negotiated behind his blockers (line of
scrimmage) against the defense toward the goal line to score and he could only
lateral the ball backward until he was tackled.
One of best “Signal Callers” of this time was Frederick (Fritz) Pollard
a back from Brown (Class of 1918).
Pollard was born on January 27, 1894 in Rogers Park, Illinois and
though even standing only 5’9 and weighing 165 pounds, he ran with a hard
slashing style that defied his size. At
Brown as a freshman in 1915, Pollard led his team to the Rose Bowl against Washington State, becoming the first
African-American to play in the Rose Bowl.
In his senior year he was named to Walter Camp’s All- American first
team, the first African American in the backfield. Professionally he played in the American
Professional Football Association (Precursor to NFL) for seven years for Akron (1919-1921, 1925-26), Milwaukee (1922), Hammond (1923, 1925) and Providence (1926). Even though Pollard faced discriminatory
tactics by fans and opposing players, including the racially insensitive song
“Bye Bye Blackbird” and dressing away from his teammates, he continued to
prosper as he did in college. He led the
Akron Pros to the championship in 1920, attaining All League status and was
lauded along with Jim Thorpe as the major gate attractions. Later on he was the first African American
head coach in the NFL (Hammond, Indiana) and is credited on the Fritz Pollard
website (www.fritzpollard.com) and by the Pro Football Hall of Fame as being
the first African American Quarterback, playing the position and taking direct
snaps from center in a T-Formation for the Hammond Pros in a couple of games in
1923. He was elected to the College Hall
of Fame (1954, 1st African American) and was finally inducted into the Pro
Football Hall of Fame in 2005 almost 80 years after his playing days were
over. He died in 1986 at the age of 92
and was a true pioneer of the game and left a lasting legacy for future African
American Quarterbacks and players.
Also during this period African Americans were
playing quarterback in the college game.
One of the first documented African American Quarterback only players
was Wilmeth Sidat-Singh of Syracuse.
He played quarterback in 1937 and 1938.
Sidat-Singh was known for having a strong and accurate throwing
arm. Teams sometimes after learning that
Syracuse had a black player refused to let
Sidat-Singh play. One of these teams was
Maryland, which refused to let Sidat-Singh
play in 1937 and won the game, but in October of 1938 Sidat-Singh would not be
denied leading Syracuse to a 53-0 victory.
The NFL
did not have black players from 1934 to 1946. When the league started to gain
popularity in the 1930’s and to avoid public “backlash” from a lack of white
players during the depression, the league no longer signed black players due to
a “Gentleman’s Agreement” to keep the league like Pro Baseball, “All
White”. This was an unfortunate bad spot
in the NFL’s history. During this time
African American Players formed their own teams and played against each other
and in some interracial exhibition games.
One of the more famous teams of football’s “Negro Leagues” was the New
York Brown Bombers backed by Joe Louis and coached and managed by Fritz
Pollard. Pollard also coached and
managed the Chicago Black Hawks football team during this time.
Modern Era Years (1946 -1969)
By 1946
the NFL after the signing of Jackie Robinson in Major League Baseball, also
decided to integrate the league again.
Halfback Kenny Washington from UCLA and the San Francisco Clippers
(PCPFL) on March 21st and End Woody Strode on May 7th both signed with the Los
Angeles Rams to become the first African-Americans to play in the NFL in the
modern era. Also at this time Guard Bill
Willis on August 6th and Back Marion Motley on August 9th joined the
All American Football Conference (AAFC) with the Cleveland Browns. Even with
African American players returning, the league was still very slow to embrace
African Americans at the so called “Thinking Positions” (Quarterback, Center,
and Middle Linebacker), because of “backward” stereotypes.
In 1953,
seven years after Washington and Strode broke the modern color
barrier in pro football; Backup Chicago Bears QB Willie Thrower became the
first African-American quarterback to solely play quarterback in an NFL game on
October 18, 1953 against the San Francisco 49ers. He played under center and received the snap
directly, making him the first African American Quarterback since Pollard in
1923. Thrower a native of New Kensington, Pennsylvania had already been the first
African American Quarterback in the Big 10 conference, playing for Michigan State from 1950 to 1952, helping them
win the National Championship in 1952.
In his historical game, Thrower went 3 for 8 for 27 yards in a 35 to 28
loss. What was unfortunate about the
game was George Blanda, who had struggled before Thrower was inserted was
reinserted into the game at the 5 yard line to complete a drive Thrower had
started. After his debut against the 49ers, Thrower never appeared in another
NFL game. Before the next season Thrower,
who made the Bears team in 1953 as basically a “walk-on” was cut before the
1954 season. Thrower wanting to play
quarterback and without any other takers in the NFL decided to go to the
Canadian Football League, playing for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and semi pro in
Toronto for four years before injuries
shortened his career. He retired at age
27, returning to New Kensington where he raised a family and open
a couple successful businesses. Known
for having extremely large hands for a 5’11 man, he was featured on “Ripley’s
Believe It or Not” for his hands and for his feat of a black man playing
quarterback, which was considered an oddity at the time. Thrower had a good outlook on his brief time
at quarterback in the NFL and told The Valley News Dispatch of Tarentum, Pa., before he passed away in 2002.
"I look at it like this: I was like the Jackie Robinson of football. A
Black quarterback was unheard of before I hit the pros,"
Around
the same time period George Taliaferro, a single-wing tailback from Indiana University started two games as a
T-formation quarterback for the Baltimore Colts in 1953. He only got the chance to play quarterback,
because of a rash of injuries to the three other quarterbacks on the roster and
the coach relenting. Taliaferro took the
snap from center in a “Shotgun” fashion and had to decide to pass or run very
quickly. After those two games, he
played Halfback primarily and only attempted two more passes in his career. Taliaferro was a big strong runner, who was
considered as tough to bring down as Marion Motley. At Indiana Taliaferro was known for his
excellent play on the field and gaining access for African American students to
campus and public facilities during the mid 1940’s. He led Indiana to the Big 10 championship in
1945. After a stellar career at Indiana, he was the first African
American picked in the NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears in the thirteenth round
of the 1949 draft, but elected to sign with the Los Angeles Dons of the AAFC.
He played with the Dons in 1949; New York Yanks 1950-51; Dallas Texans 1952;
Baltimore Colts 1953-54; Philadelphia Eagles 1955. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 1951,
1952, and 1953. He finished his NFL
career with 61 Games Played, 47 Completions from 160 Attempts for 843 yards with 6 TD’s and 15 Interceptions. His statistics show that he was a better
runner than a passer throughout his career, finishing with 1794 yards and 10
TD’s rushing, but you never know if Taliaferro could have been a passing
quarterback if he had the right coaching and support.
The next quarterback to get an opportunity to
play was Charlie "Choo Choo" Brackins in 1955 for the Green Bay
Packers. Drafted in the 16th round of
the 1955 NFL Draft by the Packers out of Prairie View A&M, where he was a
four-year starter and led his team to 33 victories in 37 games. He was a big tall passer at 6’2 and 205
Lbs. Brackins became the fourth black
quarterback to play in an NFL game when he played in the closing minutes for
the Green Bay Packers in a blowout game against Cleveland on October
23,1955. Green Bay won the game 41-10 and Brackins
had two incompletions. The Packers
placed him on waivers later in the season after he had broken curfew before a
game in Chicago and other unnamed problems. His career only lasted seven games and the
game mentioned earlier was his only appearance.
After the “Violations”, Brackins never got a chance to return to the
NFL. He had tryouts, mostly as a
defensive back, but never caught on again and injured his knee leaving the game. He died of cancer in 1990 at the age of 58.
There was
another drought of African American Quarterbacks again after Brackins’
“Violations”. This seemed to be
calculated move by NFL owners and personnel evaluators, who lived by the “One
Strike and Out” rule at the time, especially when it meant putting your
coaching career in jeopardy for a black quarterback. Unfortunately all African American
Quarterbacks were lumped into the “problem” category or the "Should be
converted to another position" category, because of long held racial bias
formed by many Southern trained coaches.
College quarterbacks that excelled at this time, but not receiving a
chance included: Sherman Lewis of Michigan State, Mel Myers of Illinois, Wilbur Hollis of Iowa (QB of 1960 Big 10 Co-Champions),
Jimmy Raye also of Michigan State (Converted by Philadelphia Eagles
to Defensive Back), Sandy Stephens of Minnesota, and others. Stephens was the first African American
starting quarterback to win a national championship in 1960. He finished 4th in the Heisman Trophy
balloting in 1961 and was drafted by Cleveland (NFL) in 2nd Rd and NY Titans
(AAFC) in 5th Rd, but he never played in the NFL because he was never offered
the chance to play quarterback. He went
to the Canadian football League (CFL) and played with Montreal in 1962 leading the Alouettes to
the Grey Cup Finals. He later signed
with the Kansas City Chiefs as a fullback, but never got to play quarterback
other than practice and retired in 1968.
Sandy Stephens died on June 6, 2000 at age 59.
In 1968
the plight and drought of African American Quarterbacks seemed like it was
going to change with the drafting of Tennessee State Quarterback Eldridge
Dickey by the Oakland Raiders in the 1st Round with the 25th Overall pick. Dickey became the first African-American
Quarterback selected in the first round by an AFL or NFL team. The American Football League (AFL) having
been established for only 8 years was considered to be more open-minded toward
black players and the league and time seemed right for a breakout African
American quarterback. Dickey played from
1965 to 1968 at Tennessee State, setting many historically black
college records. He led his team to bowl
berths in 1965 & 1966 and was known for having a strong arm and the ability
to make plays on the move. Dickey
believed that he was going to be the first African American Quarterback to play
and maybe start on a regular basis. However the Raiders decided that Dickey
would play wide receiver first and be allowed to practice with the quarterbacks
in training camp. Dickey was paid a
higher salary to except the position change and did so hoping for an
opportunity to play quarterback. In
training camp he performed very well and by some accounts outplayed Ken Stabler
also drafted in 1968 in the 2nd Round from Alabama.
After training camp Dickey was moved back to Wide Receiver
permanently. He played in 11 games in
1968 finishing with 1 catch for 34 yards.
Dickey hung around on injured reserve and as backup WR with the Raiders
for a couple of years and in the 1971 season he finished with 4 catches for 78
yards and 1 Touchdown. He never got the
opportunity to play quarterback in the AFL/NFL, which many say left him
disheartened about football and he left the league after the 1971 season. Dickey later became a minister and died May
22, 2000
after suffering a stroke.
Instead
of Dickey making an impact on pro football in 1968 there was another African
American Quarterback that broke through that year. Marlin Briscoe from University of Omaha was drafted in the 14th Rd by the Denver Broncos (AFL) in
the same draft as Dickey. Briscoe had
been a two-sport star (basketball and football) in the Omaha area in both high school and
college. Though he was small at 5’11,
185 lbs, Briscoe could more than get the job done as a quarterback. He was well schooled in the position by his
uncle Bob Rose a youth coach in the Omaha region. He finished his senior year of college with
2,283 yards passing and was named a NAIA All-American in 1967. He was nicknamed the “Magician” in college
for the way he magically got away from defenders to make plays on the
move. When Briscoe was signed by the
Broncos, they asked him to come in as defensive back. Briscoe had been warned that pro football was
still not ready for a black quarterback and he had already experienced similar
treatment in high school where he had to play running back to get on the
field. His college coach Al Caniglia
knew Briscoe wanted to play quarterback and advised him to have his contract
stipulate that in training camp he be given a three day tryout at the
position. When he arrived at training
camp there were 8 quarterbacks and Briscoe was listed last on the depth chart. During the beginning of the open to the
public training camp, Briscoe dazzled at the position, but was moved to the
defensive backfield after his three day tryout.
Briscoe wanting a chance to make the team accepted the move, but fate
snuck in to help him. Starter Steve
Tensi broke his collarbone and backup Joe DiVito was unproductive. Briscoe finally got his chance in the 3rd
game of the season against the Boston Patriots.
He entered the game with the Broncos trailing 20-7 and almost helped
them pull out a victory in a 20-17 loss, scoring a touchdown running the
ball. After his showing Head Coach Lou
Saban reluctantly named him the starter and he became the first African
American Quarterback to start for a team.
He ended up playing in 11 games, 7 of which he started. He finished with a Broncos rookie record of
1,589 yards passing and 14 TD’s, plus 308 yards rushing. Some of Briscoe’s records stood until John
Elway came along in 1983. The next
season when Briscoe arrive at training camp, he was informed by Saban that he
was no longer a quarterback and was cut without an explanation. Briscoe needing an opportunity almost signed
with the British Columbia Lions (CFL).
Instead he got picked up by the Buffalo Bills as an “Athlete”. The Bills were already set at quarterback
with Tom Flores and Jack Kemp, additionally they already had an African
American Quarterback in 1969 draftee James Harris, so Briscoe was moved to wide
receiver. Briscoe practiced at
quarterback only when the others were injured and strictly played wide
receiver. He later developed into a quality
receiver, playing three seasons for the Bills and earning Pro Bowl honors for
the 1970 season, finishing with 57 catches for 1036 yards and 8
touchdowns. After leaving Buffalo, Briscoe continued to play WR
with the great Miami Dolphins teams of the early 1970’s including the 1972
perfect 17-0 team. On those Dolphin
teams Briscoe was known as the perfect compliment to future Hall of Famer Paul
Warfield, because he could always find ways of reading coverage and getting
open. He continued to play until 1976,
playing with Detroit, San Diego and ending his career with the
New England Patriots. Unfortunately
Briscoe never got to achieve success at the quarterback position after a
stellar rookie season in 1968. He later
beat drug addiction and now counsels and coaches children in the Los Angeles area.
Building Years (1970 – 1980)
With the
merger of the NFL and AFL in 1969 and the influence of new commissioner Pete
Rozelle the NFL seemed ready to move forward.
The merger driven by the NY Jets historic win over the Baltimore Colts
in Super Bowl III the previous year (1968) had brought exposure, which led to a
large television contract for the league, making it an “American
Institution”. Also with pro football taking
a lead from the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s, there was an emergence in
the league of more successful leading African American players. African American players were now more
established, rebelling and speaking out against longstanding stereotypes of
black players. This was different than
in the 1950’s and 1960’s when they had to keep quiet to conform and
survive. African Americans were starring
on both offense and defense at practically every position except Center,
Punter, Kicker and most importantly Quarterback. The popularity of the game also brought a
rival league in 1974 the World Football League (WFL). The WFL did not last long closing shop midway
through the 1975 season. In the college
game, African American Quarterbacks were still succeeding and now at
predominantly white universities where blacks usually were blocked from playing
the quarterback position. These
quarterbacks included: Donnie Little – University of Texas, Dennis Franklin –
University of Michigan, JC Watts & Thomas Lott – Oklahoma, Condredge
Holloway – Tennessee (1st Black QB in SEC), Jimmy Jones – USC (QB of National
Champions in 1971), Gene Washington – Stanford, and others. Another African American College Quarterback
of this time that deserves to be mentioned is University of Toledo (OH)
Quarterback Chuck Ealey. Ealey (5’11,
195 lbs) from 1969 to 1970 was undefeated as Toledo’s QB, going 35-0 and
leading his team to victory in the Tangerine Bowl and finishing 8th in Heisman
Trophy Balloting. He still holds the
NCAA Record for wining percentage and winning streaks. Ealey unfortunately was overlooked by the NFL
and went undrafted in the 1972 NFL Draft.
He went to the CFL and won a Grey Cup in his rookie season with Hamilton and then played six more years
before retiring.
One of
the pioneering professional African American starting quarterbacks of the ‘70’s
was the aforementioned James Harris.
Harris came on the AFL/NFL scene in 1969 when he was drafted out of
Grambling in the 8th Round of the 1969 AFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills. Harris played at Grambling from 1966-68 and
as a senior, he passed for 1,972 yards and 21 touchdowns. In three years as
Grambling’s starting quarterback, he led the Tigers to a 24-5-1 record. He also had set numerous school and
historically black college records in his collegiate career. Harris, nicknamed “Shack”, was different from
past black quarterbacks in that he was a “Pocket Passer” with comparable size
of Joe Namath at 6’4 and weighing 210 pounds.
He also had bad knees, which affected his mobility and forced him to be
a pure passer. Teams knew in picking him
there was little chance of converting him to “Black” positions (WR, DB, or
TE). Harris was forewarned by his
legendary college coach Eddie Robinson of the pitfalls of a black man playing
quarterback in professional football. He
pointed to the examples of how coaches and personnel men had treated Eldridge
Dickey (Converted to WR) and Marlin Briscoe (Cut and Converted to WR). Harris was undaunted and wanted to play
quarterback at the next level. Harris
after being drafted by the Bills was glad to follow in the footsteps and of his
trailblazer teammate Marlin Briscoe, who was a receiver on the team at the
time. Harris battled injuries and
languished on the Bills bench behind Jack Kemp and Tom Flores appearing in only
18 games from 1969 to 1971. It was after
the 1971 season that new Bills coach Lou Saban determined that Harris was not a
pro quarterback and cut him. Harris with
no takers did not play football in the 1972 season. Before the 1973 season Chuck Knox of Los
Angeles Rams gave Harris the chance to return to the NFL as a backup QB. By 1974, Harris was the starting quarterback
for the Rams and the team was winning.
He was the first African American to start a NFL Playoff game, leading
the Rams into the NFC Championship where they lost to the Vikings. He was named the first African American
Quarterback to the Pro Bowl for the 1974 season, where he was named the MVP of
the game. His numbers for the 1974
season were 106 Completion on 198 attempts for 1544 yards and 11 TD’s in only
11 games. He continued to be the Rams
starter until the 1976 and then went to the San Diego Chargers in 1977, where
he started and then was a backup until 1980.
Harris was the first African American Quarterback to experience lengthy
success as a starter in both the regular season and playoffs. He also paved the way for future African
American Quarterbacks to play in the Pro Bowl against the league’s best
players. Injuries and Discrimination
marked portions of Harris’ 12 year career, but he served as a mentor and role
model for future African American quarterbacks.
Harris later became a trailblazer for African Americans in a front
office role. He was instrumental in
putting together the 2000 Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens team and was
named General Manager/Head of Personnel for the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2003.
Another
pioneering African American quarterback in the ‘70’s was “Jefferson Street” Joe Gilliam. Gilliam followed Eldridge Dickey’s path at Tennessee State University.
Gilliam played from 1969 to 1971 at TSU, breaking every major record at
the school and other historically black college records. He was known to be one of the most popular players
in Tennessee History and gained his nickname, because he was said to have is
name called all along Jefferson Street, which was the main road in Nashville, Tennessee.
He was a black college All-American in 1970 and 1971. He was an
11th-round draft pick by the Steelers in 1972 NFL Draft. Gilliam was well liked by Coach Chuck Noll
and his teammates for being easy going and being a smart tough
quarterback. He became a starter in 1974
when some players including Quarterback Terry Bradshaw went on strike. During this time Gilliam was known to having
an affinity for throwing the ball downfield, despite being in the Steelers
conservative offense. When all of the
players returned, Gilliam kept the starting job through six games with a record
of 4-1-1. He however
faltered and Bradshaw returned to lead the Steelers to a Super Bowl victory. Gilliam was never fully accepted by the “Blue
Collar” Pittsburgh area, which was not ready for an African American
quarterback in the early ‘70’s. Gilliam
received death threats and other hostile treatment including lots of “hate”
mail. The outside pressure and his on
the field struggles regrettably led Gilliam to his unfortunate history of drug
abuse. Gilliam played very little for
the Steelers in the 1975 season (Another Super Bowl Victory) and was cut in the
off-season. He was signed for a brief
period by the New Orleans Saints in 1976, but was cut for disciplinary
reasons. Gilliam could not beat his drug
demons causing his football career to fade away and even an attempt to revive
his career with the Washington Federals of the USFL failed. He was homeless for a little while and even
pawned his Super Bowl rings to pay for drugs, but recovered with the help of
his father. He later got back his Super
Bowl rings and started a football camp for children at Tennessee State, which included drug counseling. Sadly he died of a sudden heart attack in
December of 2000 while watching the NFL playoffs.
Even
though Gilliam and Harris were performing at a high level, the NFL still had
long held drastic misconceptions about the leadership and intelligence of
African American Quarterbacks. One of
the best quarterbacks in college at the time was Warren Moon of the University of Washington.
Moon had grown up in Southern California and experienced some racism, but
on the larger part was viewed as just another player. Blessed with a rifle for an arm, Moon always
knew quarterback was the position that he wanted to play. He began to excel at the position in youth
football and it continued in High School.
Moon unable to gain interest from larger schools went to West Los Angeles Junior College to prove he was a passer. After proving himself at the junior college
level, he accepted a scholarship to Washington, because they did not ask him to
switch positions and he was going to get the chance to play quarterback. Other PAC 10 schools including USC and UCLA
were looking at him to play other positions.
Moon went on to have a stellar career at Washington, leading them to victory in the
nationally televised 1978 Rose Bowl.
Even though Moon had excelled, he went undrafted in the 1978 NFL Draft
and signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL. Moon again showed that he was a true talent
and led the Eskimos to five Grey Cups.
He passed for 21,228 yards and 144 TD's in just six seasons in the CFL.
Finally in 1984 with his stock never higher the Houston Oilers decided to sign
him to a free agent contract. The ironic
thing from the signing was that there were still coaches and personnel men that
still believed Moon wasn’t good enough for the NFL. Moon proved these naysayers wrong leading the
Oilers to the playoffs seven straight years , operating their “Run and Shoot”
offense to near perfection. If he had a
defensive compliment, the Oilers probably could have made it to the Super Bowl
one of those years. After leaving the
Oilers, Moon enjoyed success playing for the Minnesota Vikings, Seattle
Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs. He set
an NFL record with four 4,000 yard passing seasons, with the last one coming
with the Seahawks after the age of forty.
When he retired in 2000 at the age of 44, Moon had thrown for more than
49,000 yards 391 touchdowns in the NFL. Moon was selected to nine Pro Bowls and
only Dan Marino, Fran Tarkenton and John Elway lead him in some statistics.
Only Marino and Elway have completed more passes and have more yards in NFL
History. Moon finished with more completions, passing yards, and touchdowns
than anyone if you combine his CFL and NFL numbers (70,553 yards and 435
touchdowns). As mentioned earlier he
proved to be a successful trailblazer and representative of the African
American quarterback by being the first African American Quarterback inducted into
the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Other
African American Quarterbacks at this time that played in the NFL in mostly
backup roles included: John “JJ” Jones from Fisk (New York Jets – 1975), John
Walton from Elizabeth City (Philadelphia Eagles 1976 – 1979), Parnell Dickinson
from Mississippi Valley State (Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976), Vince Evans from USC
(Chicago 1978–1983) and Dave Mays from Texas Southern (Cleveland Browns 1976-
1977 and Buffalo Bills 1978).
Opportunistic Years (1980 – 1990)
The NFL
in the 1980’s was continuing to flourish from decisions made by Commissioner
Pete Rozelle. The league had another
great TV package and teams were getting international attention playing
pre-season games abroad. The league was
also changing their view of the role and model for quarterbacks. Now quarterbacks black or white were now
asked to be more athletic to avoid speedier defenses. The statuesque “pocket” passer was now being
swarmed by blitzes and better athletes on defense, who were capitalizing on
stationary targets. Also the emergence
of the “West Coast” offense with its quick reads and moving pocket was more
conducive to athletic quarterbacks.
Coaches looking for mobility were looking at more African American
Quarterbacks that were similar to past and present athletic white quarterbacks
(Fran Tarkenton, Roger Staubach, Joe Montana, Steve Young, etc).
The
league did have its challenges during this time including the United States
Football League (USFL), which was a startup rival league in 1983. The league originally started as a Spring
League back by ABC, ESPN, and large investors like Donald Trump (NJ
Generals). The league enticed players
away from the NFL and College including Steve Young, Jim Kelly and Heisman
Trophy winners Herschel Walker and Doug Flutie, which helped ratings. The USFL gave the chance for several African
American Quarterbacks to play professionally including Walter Lewis (Memphis
Showboats), Doug Williams (Oklahoma/Arizona Outlaws), Joe Gilliam (Washington
Federals), Reggie Collier (Birmingham Stallions), John Walton (Boston/New
Orleans Breakers) and Vince Evans (Chicago Blitz and Denver Gold). Eventually the USFL after their third season
devised an ill-fated plan to go head to head with the NFL in the fall of 1986,
which caused the league to never play the 1986 season and eventually fold. The league was eventually awarded $3.00
dollars in damages in a 1986 lawsuit claiming a monopoly by the NFL.
The NFL
also had labor strife in 1982 and 1987.
The 1987 strike really gave the league a black eye, because they chose
to play three “scab” games rather than cancel games. “Real” NFL Players were on the picket lines
while “scabs” played to almost empty stadiums.
Television unfortunately had to live up to their deal and televised
these awful games. Eventually the league
and the players came together for the betterment of the league and ended the
strike to save the season. One of the
subplots of the “scab” games was it gave an opportunity for several African
American Quarterbacks to play in the NFL even if most people were not
watching. Quarterbacks included: Walter
Briggs from Montclair (New York Jets 1987), Homer Jordan from Clemson
(Cleveland Browns 1987), Ed Blount from Washington State (San Francisco 49ers
1987), Mark Stevens from Utah (San Francisco 49ers 1987), Larry Miller from
Northern Iowa (Minnesota Vikings 1987), Willie Gillus from Norfolk State (Green
Bay Packers 1987), Tony Adams from Utah State (KC Chiefs 1987), Reggie Collier
from South Mississippi (Pittsburgh 1987) Bernard Quarles from Hawaii (LA Rams
1987), Tony Robinson from Tennessee (Washington Redskins 1987), Vince Evans
from USC (Raiders 1987) and Willie Totten from Mississippi Valley State
(Buffalo Bills 1987). Two of the better
stories from this group were Ed Blount and Willie Totten. Blount was home in 1987 after not having
gotten an opportunity to play professionally after graduating from Washington St, when Bill Walsh of the San Francisco 49ers called asking him to join
his replacement team. Walsh knowing that
other teams would not have a lot of time to prepare for games installed an
option attack featuring Blount and Mark Stevens that thoroughly confused the
other teams. The 49ers went on to win
all three games and made it to the Divisional Playoffs thanks to Blount and
Steven’s “Option Wizardry”. Willie Totten
was also a story during this time, because he returned to the United States from the CFL and finally got his
chance to play in the NFL. Totten had
been one half of the greatest quarterback / wide receiver combinations in NCAA
history with Jerry Rice at Mississippi Valley State.
Totten had thrown 139 touchdown passes in 40 career games at MSVU, but
went undrafted in the 1986 NFL Draft. He
went to the CFL, but was mired on the bench and took his chance with the 1987
Bills strike team. He appeared in 2 games,
but did not have the same magic and never appeared in another NFL game.
The ‘80’s
also brought a new wave of African American Quarterbacks to the forefront in
college football. African American
Quarterbacks had been fully integrated into all NCAA conferences including
Southern predominantly white universities and were more accepted than in the
past. During this time you even saw
African American Quarterbacks competing and winning National Championships and
Major Awards. Quarterbacks who excelled
during this time included: Randall Cunningham from UNLV 1982 - 1984 (Also an All
American as a Punter), Rodney Peete from USC 1985 – 1989 (Finished 2nd in 1988
Heisman Trophy Balloting), Walter Lewis from Alabama 1980 – 1983 (First African
American QB at Alabama), Danny Bradley from Oklahoma 1981 – 1984, Jamelle
Holieway also from Oklahoma 1985 – 1988 (Led Oklahoma to National Championship
in 1986 Orange Bowl), Steve Taylor from Nebraska 1985 – 1988, Turner Gill also
from Nebraska 1983 – 1985 (Won several Big Eight Titles – Remembered for game
against Miami in 1985 Orange Bowl), Major Harris from West Virginia 1987 – 1989
(Finished 5th in 1988 Heisman Balloting as a Sophomore and 3rd in 1989 as a
Junior), Tracy Ham from Georgia Southern (Led GSU to several D1AA
Championships), Tory Crawford from the US Military Academy 1984 – 1987 (Top 5
All Time Rushing QB), Shawn Moore from Virginia 1988-1991 (Led Virginia to an
almost undefeated season his senior year), Damon Allen from Cal State Fullerton
1981 – 1984 (Brother of Hall of Fame Running Back Marcus Allen, who later won
several Grey Cups in the CFL), Stacey Robinson from Northern Illinois 1988-1990
(Held many QB Rushing Records), Tony Rice from Notre Dame 1986 – 1989 (Led
Notre Dame to National Championship in the 1988 Fiesta Bowl) and many
others.
A major
breakthrough in College Football came during this time when quarterback Andre
Ware of Houston was named the 1989 Winner of the Heisman Trophy. Ware became the first African American
Quarterback to win the award after others had contended, but were passed
over. Ware broke almost every major
college record for passing while leading the Houston Cougars “Run and Shoot”
explosive offense. In his Heisman Trophy
winning junior season he threw for 4,699 yards and 46 TD’s and led the Cougars
to a 9-2 record. He later spent four years with Detroit after being drafted in
the 1st Round in, 11th overall in the 1990 NFL Draft. He battled injuries and competition from Erik
Kramer and Rodney Peete, playing in 14 games, while starting 6 of them for the
Lions. He also spent time in the CFL
with Ottawa in 1995 and Toronto (Backup on Grey Cup Champion 1997
squad). He attempted one last comeback
to the NFL in 2001 playing for the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe after being
allocated by the Oakland Raiders. He
fractured his shoulder in the fifth game of the NFLE season and was cut in
training camp by the Oakland Raiders.
After being cut Ware retired and returned to the Houston area, starting his own computer
consulting business and commentating football games. Ware unfortunately never made the impact that
was thought of him after winning the Heisman.
During
this era the African American Quarterback experiencing the entire cycle of the
“black” quarterback experience was Doug Williams. He experienced the extreme highs and lows,
going from an Unwanted High School QB to College All American to Professional
Starter to Vilified Holdout to the USFL to Unwanted Free Agent to Super Bowl
Hero to “Black balled” Outcast in his professional career that spanned from
1978 to 1989. Williams from Louisiana started off as a high school
quarterback, whose raw skills were waiting to explode. Being from the South, Williams was not
offered a chance to play quarterback and went pretty much unnoticed during
recruiting. He chose to go to
historically black college Grambling and learn under the guidance of the
Legendary Head Coach Eddie Robinson.
Williams was a record setting quarterback at Grambling, finishing in
1977 with a NCAA Record 93 Touchdowns and 8,411 yards passing. During his stay there, Williams followed in
the footsteps of his “Big Brother” James Harris. Harris had already blazed the trail of an
African American quarterback going from Grambling to the NFL. Harris had experienced racism on and off of
the football field and gave Williams first hand knowledge of what to expect in
the NFL. Williams had the size of Harris
at 6’3, 210 lbs, but he could move around better than Harris. Before the draft Coach Robinson and Harris
advised Williams about how the draft usually treated African American
Quarterbacks, but to everyone’s surprise the former expansion Tampa Bay
Buccaneers selected Williams in the 1st Round, 17th overall of the 1978 NFL
Draft. Williams became the first
African-American quarterback drafted in the first round since the 1970 merger
and he would not be asked to convert to another position unlike Eldridge Dickey
before him. Coach John McKay believed
in Williams and thought he was the Buccaneers quarterback of the future. Williams held out for 1 week against owner
Hugh Culverhouse, who was known for his mismanagement and unwillingness to pay
players. Williams soon learned how a
high-profile African American Quarterback was treated in the South when he
didn’t follow the program. He received
hate mail and harsh criticism from fans and the media. After signing he appeared in 10 games,
throwing for 1170 yards and 7 TD’s, plus 1 rushing touchdown. The following season in 1979 – 1980, Williams
established himself as a player on the rise.
He threw for 2448 yards and 18 TD’s and ran for additional 2 touchdowns
leading the Buccaneers to NFC Central Division title and a playoff victory over
the Eagles, losing to the Rams in the NFC Championship. He again led the Buccaneers in the playoffs
in 1980-1981 and 1981-1982, where they lost to Dallas each year. The Buccaneers shortcomings in the playoffs
were due to a lack of a running game and a porous defense, but Williams was
blamed by the Tampa Bay area. Williams soon became a target of vandalism to
his home and vile hate mail filled with racial epithets.
When
Williams held out against Culverhouse again in 1983, things really got ugly
between Williams and the fans and media.
Williams believed that he was grossly underpaid and in his biography Quarterblack:
Shattering the NFL Myth he stated, “Then after five years and two division
titles, I was only the 43rd-highest-paid quarterback in the league. I held out again, and eventually went to the
USFL. My wife had just died of a brain tumor. There was a three-month-old baby
girl to take care of. You couldn't believe some of the letters I'd gotten in Tampa. Everyone heard about the package
I got with the watermelon inside and the note, 'Throw this, (n-word). They
might be able to catch it.' It got so that every time I got a letter with no
return address, I wouldn't open it.”
Unable to work out a deal with the Buccaneers and without takers in the
rest of the NFL, Williams signed with Oklahoma Outlaws of the USFL. Williams had thought that things would be
better in the USFL, but he joined at a time when the league was
struggling. The Outlaws had trouble
making payroll and moved to Arizona after 1 season. They played one more year and the league
folded soon after. Williams finished his
USFL career with 6757 yards passing with 36 TD’s and 4 TD’s Rushing. Once the USFL closed down, Williams was
unable to find a job in the NFL due to his outspokenness and took a job at
Southern University working with the receivers.
While not
coaching, he was home figuring that his career was over when Joe Gibbs looking
for a veteran backup signed him in 1987.
Williams played off and on during the season as starter Jay Schroeder
struggled with injuries and effectiveness.
Joe Gibbs decided to bench Schroeder for the playoffs and started
Williams in his place. It was widely
known around the league that most of the Redskins locker room was firmly behind
Williams and believed he was the better leader and could take the team
further. Williams responded by beating
Chicago and Minnesota to get to Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos and
making him the first African American Quarterback to start in the Super
Bowl. Leading up to the game, the
Redskins were underdogs (3 ½ points) and everyone expected the Broncos and star
quarterback John Elway to win the game.
Elway was cast as the “Golden Boy” and Williams as the villain by the
media. The media continued to hound
Williams with questions about him being the first black to start in a Super
Bowl game and one member asked him the galling question “So how long have you
been a black quarterback?”, which he did not answer. In the game Williams twisted his knee in the
first quarter and the Broncos jumped out to a 10-0 lead. Williams was taken out of the game for a few
plays, but responded in the second quarter with a Super Bowl record 228 yards
passing with four touchdowns, in what some call the greatest performance by a
quarterback in a quarter. He finished
the game with Super Bowl record 340 yards and 4 TD’s in the 42-10 triumph and
was named the MVP. His victory was
hailed as the defining moment for African American Quarterbacks and future
African American Quarterbacks always state the significance of the
accomplishment and name Williams as a life-long hero. Ray Didinger from NFL Films and a member of the Pro Football Hall
of Fame as a writer in a recent interview that I conducted marveled at how
Williams was able to focus on the game and put aside all of the “Pioneer” talk
that was circulating before the game. He
felt that Williams and other African American Quarterbacks like James Harris,
Warren Moon and Randall Cunningham by 1988 had already proven themselves as
capable quarterbacks and that the “Pioneer” talk put on Williams was a
lot. He said “Williams excelled in the
Super Bowl against pressure and media coverage that is difficult on all
quarterbacks and sometimes causes some of them to fail. He was able to deal with it and that shows
the type of competitor Williams was”.
Ironically
before the 1988 NFL season again Williams had to fight for a better
contract. This time the Redskins gave in
to pressure and signed him to a lucrative deal.
Williams responded with a season of 2609 yards and 15 TD’s in only 11
games. In 1989 – 1990 season Williams only
played in 4 games and the Redskins released him. Williams was unable to find any positions in
the NFL even after being a Super Bowl MVP.
Around NFL he had been “Black Balled” for his outspokenness and there
was a definite bias held by NFL personnel men and an attitude to get him out of
the game. Having no takers and not
wanting to go to the CFL, Williams left the game at 32 years old after playing
in just 88 games, leaving with 16,998 yards and 100 TD’s passing and 15 rushing
TD’s. Shortly after leaving the game, he
wrote a "Tell All" book about his journey as an African American
Quarterback, the book called
“Quarterblack: Shattering the NFL Myth” was very informative, opinionated, and
ticked off the NFL establishment.
Williams was never called by any NFL people and was “Blackballed” for
good. He later became a successful Head
Coach at Morehouse College and Grambling where he replaced
Robinson. Williams is now a key member
in the Tampa Bay Buccaneers personnel department. He will not make the Hall of Fame with his
career numbers, but his impact will far exceed his numbers, because he led the
way for future African American Quarterbacks.
By winning the Super Bowl and being named the MVP he opened “backward”
eyes that did not want to see.
Regular
starters during this time included: Warren Moon (Houston Oilers), Rodney Peete
(Detroit) and Randall Cunningham
(Philadelphia Eagles)
Other
African American Quarterbacks at this time that played in the NFL in mostly
backup roles included: Don McPherson from Syracuse (Philadelphia Eagles and
Houston Oilers), Reggie Slack from Auburn (Houston Oilers 1990), Brian Ransom
from Tennessee State (Houston Oilers 1983-1985), Reggie Collier (Dallas
Cowboys), Shawn Moore from Virginia (Denver Broncos) and Vince Evans from USC
(Chicago Bears and Oakland Raiders) and others.
Headway Years (1990 – 1999)
After
Williams victory and with the need for non-traditional quarterbacks with the
ability to move away from pressure, run, and pass on the move increasing more
teams and colleges in the ‘90’s gave opportunities to African American
Quarterbacks than ever. Guys usually
with the skill had the opportunity to play the position. Some of the successful college quarterbacks
of this era included: Darian Hagan from Colorado 1988 to 1992 (Led Colorado to
Co-National Championship in 1991), Shawn Jones from Georgia Tech 1989 to 1992
(Led Georgia Tech to Co-National Championship in 1991), Charlie Ward from
Florida State 1991 to 1993 (Led FSU to National Championship in 1993 and 2nd
African American QB to win Heisman Trophy also in 1993), Michael Bishop from Kansas
State in 1997-1998 (Finished 2nd in 1998 Heisman Trophy balloting), Tommie Frazier from Nebraska 1992 – 1995 (Two
time National Championship QB in 1994 & 1995), Chris McCoy from the US
Naval Academy 1995 – 1997 (Top 5 All Time Rushing QB), Kordell Stewart from
Colorado 1992-1994 (Record Setting Passer in Big 8), James Brown from Texas
(Led his team to the Big 12 Title) and many others.
In the
NFL, the first two legitimate Pro Bowl African American Quarterbacks/Stars were
taking flight in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The first was the previously discussed Warren
Moon of the Houston Oilers and the second was Randall Cunningham of the
Philadelphia Eagles and later the Minnesota Vikings, Dallas Cowboys, and Baltimore
Ravens. Cunningham like Moon was also a Southern California native growing up in Santa Barbara.
He learned the game from his brother Sam “Bam” Cunningham, who was a
star player for USC and later the New England Patriots. Cunningham had to battle through the loss of
his father at an early age and sports were his outlet. He excelled at track (high jump) and
football, where he was all state as a punter and quarterback. When it came time for Cunningham to select a
school to play for many of the larger schools including USC, wanted him at
other positions. Cunningham accepted a
scholarship to UNLV, which promised to give him the opportunity to play
quarterback. Battling through the loss
of his mother during college, Cunningham excelled at a college off of the
national radar leading his conference in total yards and in punting
average. In his senior season in 1984,
Cunningham led UNLV to the California Bowl beating Toledo 30-13. That year he also threw for 2,628 yards with
24 touchdowns and had an amazing average of 47.5 yards per punt. His career numbers at UNLV were 57.9
Completion Percentage, 8290 Yards Passing with 60 TD’s and a Punting Average of
45.2 yards. Cunningham had his coming
out party at the East – West Shrine game after the season. He threw a touchdown, caught a touchdown on a
fake play and was named the game’s MVP.
Even with his performance and amazing college stats, potential questions
were still raised by NFL personnel men.
Cunningham was labeled a good fit for the CFL and compared to Reggie
Collier and Walter Lewis, two past African American Quarterbacks that were
known more for their athleticism and ended up playing in the USFL.
The
Philadelphia Eagles however were in a rebuilding mode after Dick Vermeil
retired. Head Marion Campbell didn’t
listen to the critics and picked Cunningham in the 2nd Round of the 1995
Draft. When he was drafted the fans and
media focused more on the selection of disappointing offensive lineman Kevin
Allen with their 1st Round pick.
Cunningham in the preseason of 1985 showed his escapability and flare
for making plays out of nothing. He soon
was playing at the end of the Eagles first game in a 21-0 loss to the New York
Giants. Campbell scrambling to help a sputtering
offense named Randall the starter in the 2nd week in a 17-6 loss to the Los
Angeles Rams. He threw for 211 yards and
ran for 90 yards, but threw 4 interceptions.
He however was regulated to the bench in favor of Ron Jaworski and the
Eagles finished with a record of 7 – 9, with Cunningham finishing with 534
Yards Passing, 1 Touchdown, and 205 Yards Rushing. Campbell was fired after the 1985-1986 and
the Eagles hired Buddy Ryan. Ryan named
Jaworski the starter, but came up with a plan to use Cunningham, who was 3rd
string at the time on 3rd downs. He
eventually was part of a revolving door rotation with Matt Cavanaugh and Ron
Jaworski finishing with 5 starts, 1,391 Yards Passing with 8 TD’s, and a 2nd on
the team 540 yards rushing. In 1987
Cunningham was finally installed as the full time starter, but the 1987 Strike
limited the opportunities for the Eagles, who didn’t field a quality “Strike
Team” and had 3 losses finishing with a record of 7-9. Cunningham however flourished under the
coaching of friend and mentor Quarterbacks Coach Doug Scovil. Cunningham finished with 2,786 Yards Passing
with 23 Touchdowns and 505 Yards rushing with 3 TD’s. Cunningham was named to his first Pro Bowl
joining James Harris and Warren Moon as the only African American Quarterbacks
to receive the honor. In the 1988-1989
Cunningham was a one-man gang on offense leading the team in rushing (624
Yards) and passing (3,808 Yards with 24 TD’s).
He and a stifling defense led by Reggie White led the team to a 10-6
record and won the NFC East division for the first time since Dick Vermeil left. Their season however ended in the playoffs
against the Chicago Bears in the “Fog Bowl”.
Cunningham however was recognized being named to his 2nd Pro Bowl and
finished 2nd to Boomer Esiason in AP MVP Voting. At the start of the 1989-1990 season Cunningham
and the Eagles renegotiated Cunningham’s contract making him one of the highest
paid players in the NFL (3 Year, 4 Million Dollar Contract). He was anointed the “NFL’s Ultimate Weapon”
by Sports Illustrated and led the Eagles back to the playoffs again. In the playoffs the Eagles lost to the Rams
21-7 and he shouldered most of the blame.
Cunningham finished with 3,400 Yards Passing with 21 TD’s and 621 Yards
Rushing and led his team in rushing for the 3rd straight year. He was named an alternate to the Pro
Bowl. In 1990 the Eagles knew that they
had to save the position of Head Coach Buddy Ryan and Cunningham responded with
an MVP season rushing for 942 Yards with 5 TD’s and 3,466 Yards Passing with 30
TD’s. He was named to his 3rd straight
Pro Bowl. He however had to fight for
his starting position with Jim McMahon in the shadows. In the playoff loss to the Redskins,
Cunningham was replaced for a series by McMahon and was not happy with the
organization. Ryan was shortly fired and
Cunningham was said to be part of the movement to have him removed. Cunningham was poised for another big year in
1991, but was hurt in the first game of the season when Bryce Paup tackled him
tearing his ACL and ending his season.
The ironic part of the injury was Cunningham was in the pocket and not
running around when he got hurt.
Cunningham returned in 1992 throwing for 2775 yards with 19 TD’s and
running for 549 Yards and 5 TD’s, but never seemed his self in Richie Kotite’s
offense and was very erratic as the Eagles finally win a playoff game against
the New Orleans Saints 36-20, but lose in the Divisional Round to the Dallas
Cowboys 34-10. In 1993 the injury bug
(Broken Leg) ended Cunningham’s season in the 4th game. This marked the end basically of his Eagles
career as he struggled in 1994 in a part time role and losing his starting job
to Rodney Peete in 1995. He finished his
Eagle career in a playoff game losing to Dallas when he had to enter the game for
an injured Peete, but struggled due to him leaving the team to tend to his
pregnant wife during the preparation for the game.
Cunningham
had a brief “retirement” in 1996, but returned in 1997 with the Minnesota
Vikings. Cunningham immediately returned
to his old form forming a deadly combination with Cris Carter and led the
Vikings to the divisional playoffs in 1997.
In 1998, rookie Randy Moss joined Cunningham and the Vikings were
unstoppable going 15-1 and setting an NFL record of 556 points scored. Cunningham finished with 3704 yards passing
and 34 TD’s, plus 127 yards rushing and was named the MVP for the 3rd
time by several media outlets. The
Vikings stormed into the playoffs and missed the Super Bowl by the slightest of
margins losing to the Atlanta Falcons 30-27.
In 1999 Cunningham struggled and was benched again and moved into the
backup role that he ended his career doing finishing with the Dallas Cowboys in
2000 and Baltimore Ravens in 2001.
Cunningham finished his career with 29,979 yards passing with 207 yards
and 4928 yards rushing with 35 TD’s; his rushing total is a NFL Record for
quarterbacks. Cunningham was known for
his spectacular play on the field, but was unable to get to the big game like
Williams and injuries precluded him during some of his best chances. Cunningham was known as a spectacular player,
but football is a team game and he was said to have an aloofness that rubbed
fans and some teammates the wrong way.
He was the first run/pass threat African American to make it in the NFL. He had a long and distinguished 16-year career
that in my opinion should end at the Hall of Fame.
Another
African American Quarterback that established himself as premier starter at
this time was Steve McNair of the Tennessee Titans. McNair began his rise to the top at Alcorn State a Historically Black College in Mississippi.
At Alcorn State he followed in his brother Fred’s
footsteps by also attaining the nickname “Air” McNair for his passing
exploits. He became a legitimate Heisman
Trophy candidate even though he was playing at a Division 1 AA school. His
incredible college numbers include the only player in NCAA history to gain over
16,000 yards (16,823) in total offense during his college career. He set collegiate record by averaging 400.55
yards in total offense per game and became only the third player in Division
I-AA to throw for 100 TD's in a career (119).
He finished with 928 completions in 1,673 attempts (55.5%) for 14,496
yards passing with 119 TD's and added 2,327 yards and 33 TD’s. He was the 2nd African American Quarterback
drafted in the 1st Round, third overall player (Highest at the time) selected in 1995 NFL draft.
After being drafted McNair had to prove that he was capable of performing on
the larger stage coming from a small school.
He led the Titans from being a displaced franchise (Houston Oilers) to a
perennial AFC Title contender. McNair is
a double threat, can give opposing defenses headaches with strong arm in air or
explosive running ability on ground, excellent pocket passer. He led all quarterbacks in rushing yards with
674 in 1997 and 559 in 1998). His 1997 total was the third-highest rushing
total by a quarterback in NFL history at the time behind Randall Cunningham
(942 yards in 1990) and Bobby Douglas (968 yards in 1972). McNair proved that he was up to the task of
leading the Titans to Super Bowl XXXIV in 1999 and became the second African
American Quarterback to start the game. In the game the Titans lost to the St.
Louis Rams by a score of 23-16 and came up a yard short of tying the game in
the final moments, but McNair proved that he was a winner. McNair continues to play in the NFL currently
for the Baltimore Ravens and he is still chasing his elusive Super Bowl
Victory. He is known for playing through
injuries and his toughness and leadership should get him strong consideration
for the Hall of Fame when he is through playing. He also has the numbers and winning
percentage to back him up his intangibles.
During
this time another notable African American Quarterback was Kordell Stewart of
the Pittsburgh Steelers. Stewart came to
the Steelers as a 2nd Draft pick in 1994 out of Colorado.
Stewart left Colorado with almost every passing record,
but he could not lead the Buffs to National Championship contention. College highlights included: Holding school
all-time records with 456 completions on 785 passes with 7,770 yards in total
offense. Also holds school's all-time records for average yards per completion
(13.8), yards in total offense per game (235.5) and yards per offensive play
(6.36). He threw for 300 yards 6 times and had only 2.4% of his passes
intercepted. As a senior, Stewart was named to the All-American 2nd team
selection by AP and made the play of the year with a “Hail Mary” to beat Michigan on national TV. Scouts when evaluating Stewart were
intrigued by his raw passing skills and speed. During his rookie year, Stewart
was nicknamed "Slash" by head coach Bill Cowher, because he played
qb, wr, and rb. Stewart took this role, because Neil O’Donnell was entrenched
as the starter. Stewart played 30 snaps
at quarterback including the postseason and in Super Bowl XXII against the
Dallas Cowboys. The "Slash"
role was a blessing and a curse for Stewart, it showed he was a “Team Player”
willing to help out on the field, but he probably digressed as a pure
quarterback by switching between positions. The “Slash” transition experiment
appeared to be an early success for Stewart, when was selected to the Pro Bowl
in 1997. That season Stewart showed he
could play the quarterback position. Stewart started in all 16 regular-season
and both postseason contests. Stewart had an outstanding first season as a QB,
becoming only the fourth player in Steelers history to surpass 3,000 passing
yards. He was selected as an alternate to the Pro Bowl and finished the season
with 3,020 passing yards, completed 236 of 440 pass attempts, 21 touchdowns and
17 interceptions for a 75.2 pass rating. He also was the team's second-leading
rusher, gaining 476 yards on 88 carries. He also had a long run of 74 yards
versus Baltimore (10/5), which is the third-longest TD run by a
quarterback in NFL history. He also became the first quarterback in the NFL to
throw 20 or more TD passes and rush for 10 or more TD’s. He set an NFL mark as
the only player to have two games with at least two rushing TD’s and three
passing TD’s in a game. However his
development with the Steelers was also stunted by having different coordinators
(Gailey, Lewis, Gilbride, and Mularkey) every season and the Steelers losing in
the AFC Championship Game at home twice under him. Stewart retired in 2005 as a “journeyman”
backup with the Baltimore Ravens, but he will always be “Slash” to the
public. Stewart was a vanguard in that
he had many assets to help his team win.
The “Slash” role definitely confused defenses and made offensive
coordinators want to have their own “Slash”.
In the future teams used other Quarterbacks in this role trying to
imitate Stewart including Antwaan Randle El, Troy Woodbury, Ronald Curry, Hines
Ward and others.
During
this timeframe a study made by Doug Williams in his book Quarterblack:
Shattering the NFL Myth, was changing.
In the book he theorized, “NFL Personnel Managers would only accept
Starting Black Quarterbacks and not backup/developmental type Black
Quarterbacks. No Blacks carrying
clipboards”. African American
Quarterbacks were now allowed to flourish as 1st String to 4th String
Developmental Types on team’s Practice Squads and in NFL Europe. The idea that a young African American
Quarterback could learn a system and flourish within a team was enhanced by
Steve McNair and veterans like Rodney Peete showed that African American
Quarterbacks could also be valuable backups coming off the bench and leading
their teams. Some of the backup or
developmental quarterbacks that played during this time were Dameyune Craig (Auburn) for the Carolina Panthers, Tony
Banks (Michigan State) for St. Louis Rams, Wally
Richardson (Penn State) for Baltimore Ravens, Ted White
(Howard) for Kansas City, Michael Bishop (Kansas State) for New England Patriots, Jay
Walker (Howard) for Minnesota Vikings, and many others. Dameyune Craig in a NFL Europe game in 1999
playing for the Scottish Claymores passed for a record 611 yards and five
touchdowns on only 27 pass completions in a 42-35 victory over the Frankfurt
Galaxy. His uniform from that game now
resides in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
In 1997 there were six starting quarterbacks for NFL teams, more than at
any time. Starters included Randall
Cunningham for Minnesota Vikings, Warren Moon for the Seattle Seahawks, Kordell
Stewart for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Jeff Blake for the Cincinnati Bengals,
Steve McNair for the Tennessee Titans, and Tony Banks for the St. Louis
Rams.
Explosion Years (1999 to the
Present)
This
period has been highlighted by African American Quarterbacks that have played
the position exclusively since their playing days in Pop Warner. Many were recruited to play the position by
coaches that no longer bought into the “Athlete” (black) versus “Pocket”
(white) quarterback myths and stereotypes that led to position profiling in the
past. Players now could choose to play
the position and usually would receive an equal opportunity to prove that their
skill, leadership, arm, mind, etc was just as good as their counterparts. Players from this era tend to look at
themselves as a Quarterback first and an African American second. In 2003, Chris Leak from Independence High School in North Carolina was the Number 1 rated
Quarterback in High School football after having set several national passing
records and leading his team to 3 state titles.
Every team in the country was looking to sign him as a quarterback and
many of them had little or no African American Quarterbacks in the past. Leak was asked if past racial treatment of
African American Quarterbacks at some predominantly white universities would
sway his college decision. Leak like
Vincent Young (High school star from 2002, who chose Texas) before him said
that a school’s and conference’s history regarding African American
Quarterbacks would not effect his college decision and that he was just another
player picking a school. He picked
Southeastern Conference (SEC) power Florida, because of their passing
reputation and wide open offense. This
showed a big step forward in attitudes on both sides Players and Coaches.
Many
personnel evaluators and coaches were now looking at players that started
playing the position after Doug Williams’ monumental Super Bowl victory in
1988, which unfortunately after years of waiting was one of the proving points
to some that African Americans could play the position. Now it was more common to see African
American Quarterbacks winning state titles in High School, National
Championships in College, and playing at a Pro Bowl level in the pros and these
individuals served as role models for future players. Also in the NFL, NCAA Division 1-A, CFL and
Arena Football it was not uncommon to see multiple African American
Quarterbacks on rosters smashing a quota system that had previously existed,
where a team could have only one African American Quarterback. Quarterbacks
that succeeded in College Football at this time included: Antwaan Randle El
from Indiana (Top 5 Total Offense Leader), Woodrow Dantzler from Clemson (2,000
Yard Passer and 1,000 Yard Rusher in the Same Season), Byron Leftwich from
Marshall (Record Setting MAC Passer), Michael Vick from Virginia Tech (Finished
3rd in 1999 Heisman balloting), and many others.
Unfortunately
this time period was not without the usual overt and covert racial
discriminatory incidents that have plagued African American Quarterbacks
throughout their experience. African
American Quarterbacks professionally and at the collegiate level were still
receiving some pieces of vicious hate mail filled with epithets blaming them
for team loses, Talk Radio/Internet Message Boards gave a forum to some hosts
and fans that could not move forward from their backward ways, and some small
towns were torn apart over whether their High School should have a “Black” or
“White starting quarterback. Some
African American Quarterbacks were still only being compared only to other
African American Quarterbacks or labeled as a CFL player without a chance. One the bigger media situations that brought
the plight of the African American Quarterback back to the public forefront
were racially shaded statements made by conservative television and radio
personality Rush Limbaugh in October of 2003 on “ESPN’s NFL Countdown”
television show to a national audience.
Limbaugh stated on the air when talking about Philadelphia Eagles
quarterback Donovan McNabb, "I think what we've had here is a little
social concern in the NFL. The media has been very desirous that a black
quarterback do well," and "There is a little hope invested in McNabb,
and he got a lot of credit for the performance of this team that he didn't
deserve. The defense carried this team."
His comments devalued McNabb as a player and suggested that any
accolades and successes were overblown by the media and public. He also intimated that because McNabb was a
“black” quarterback and “black’ was “in” that the NFL and football televising
networks could benefit monetarily from a hip-hop crazed society looking for a
black quarterback to succeed. Limbaugh
denied that his comments on the show were racially motivated, but resigned in a
“firestorm” of pressure. He returned to
his usual conservative radio audience, but left America to debate the issue around water
coolers, on talk radio, and message boards.
In the end most people agreed that Limbaugh was wrong and that McNabb
and all other quarterbacks black or white should be judge by their play on the
field.
Some of
the major highlights from this period include:
·
The
monumental 1999 NFL Draft where Donovan McNabb of Syracuse was picked by the Philadelphia
Eagles in the 1st Round with the second pick overall, which at the time was the
highest draft pick ever for an African-American quarterback. Also in this draft
McNabb was joined by several other African American quarterbacks including
Akili Smith of Oregon selected third overall by the Cincinnati Bengals, Daunte
Culpepper of Central Florida selected eleventh overall by the Minnesota
Vikings, Shaun King of Tulane selected in the 2nd Round by the Tampa Bay, and
Aaron Brooks of Virginia selected in the 4th Round by the Green Bay Packers.
·
The
previously mentioned Super Bowl XXXIV, which ended the 1999-2000 NFL season and
in the game Steve McNair of the Tennessee Titans became the second African
American to start in the Super Bowl in the 23-16 loss to the St. Louis Rams.
·
In
the 2001 NFL Draft the electrifying Michael Vick was selected as the Number 1
overall pick by the Atlanta Falcons.
Vick had the rare ability to run a 4.2 40 Yard Time and have a cannon
for an arm. Vick was selected after
leaving Virginia Tech as a redshirt sophomore and almost winning the National
Championship in the 2000 Sugar Bowl as a Redshirt Freshman. This marked the first time that an African
American player was selected as the top pick and marked the end of questions of
whether an African American Quarterback could be considered top player in the
draft and a “franchise” player. Vick
went on to post numbers of 785 passing yards with two touchdowns and 300 yards
rushing with 1 TD in limited action.
·
In
the 2005 season, Michael Vick (Falcons) and Donovan McNabb (Eagles) met in the
NFC title game and it was the first time two African American quarterbacks
started in a conference championship game against each other. Ray Didinger when speaking about this NFC
Championship Game said “It spoke volumes of how far the NFL and society have
come that two African American Quarterbacks were opposing each other and little
was made of it. No USA Today Cover Story
or other fanfare”. The Eagles and McNabb
won the NFC Championship and McNabb became the third African American
Quarterback to start the Super Bowl in a 24-21 loss to the New England
Patriots. McNabb threw for 357 yards
with three touchdowns, but also had three interceptions in the game.
·
Also
in 2005 the Pro Bowl also marked some history, when Donovan McNabb led a NFC
Quarterback group of Daunte Culpepper and Michael Vick into the Pro Bowl. It is the first time that all 3 QB’s elected
for the NFC or AFC were African Americans.
As of
January of 2007 Current African American Quarterbacks in the NFL include:
Starters - Donovan McNabb of the Philadelphia Eagles, Michael Vick of the
Atlanta Falcons, Daunte Culpepper of the Miami Dolphins, Byron Leftwich of the
Jacksonville Jaguars, Aaron Brooks of the Oakland Raiders, Vince Young of the
Tennessee Titans, Tavaris Jackson of the Minnesota Vikings, Jason Campbell of
the Washington Redskins, and Steve McNair of the Baltimore Ravens.
Backups
–Charlie Batch of the Pittsburgh Steelers,
DJ Shockley of the Atlanta Falcons, Cleo Lemon of the Miami Dolphins,
Brad Smith of the New York Jets, Casey Printers of the Kansas City Chiefs,
Anthony Wright of the Cincinnati Bengals, David Garrard of the Jacksonville
Jaguars, Senneca Wallace of the Seattle Seahawks, and Quinn Gray of the Jacksonville
Jaguars
This
research article has been one of my life long dreams. I was spurred by an elementary school debate
where I was told by a group of kids that there were no “Black” quarterbacks in
the NFL. I began my research that day
and I returned the next day with my San Diego Chargers James Harris football
card. From that day I knew that the
legacy of the African American Quarterback needed to be told. When I began my study I knew of Doug
Williams, James Harris, and John Walton, but I soon found out so much more
about the rich history of the game of football and the African American
Quarterbacks throughout history that survived racial barriers to reach the
point where today that almost any African American Quarterback is given a
chance play the position and succeed or fail based on his play on the
field. The “opportunity” was all men
like Fritz Pollard, Willie Thrower, James Harris, and Doug Williams wanted for
themselves and future African American football players. I also wrote this article so that the next
time I see a young person with a “Throwback Jersey” of one of these men (Doug
Williams, Randall Cunningham, Warren Moon, James Harris, etc) they can know the
history behind the shirt.
References
“Timeline:
Black quarterbacks”
Posted: 05/20/2005 by Jarrett Bell, USA Today,
http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/2005-02-01-black-qbs.htm
(Black QB
History including Timeline)
“African-Americans
in Pro Football - Pioneers, Milestones and Firsts”
Credit:
Pro Football Hall of Fame, 2005
http://www.profootballhof.com/history/general/african-americans.jsp
(Overall
NFL History of Game including African Americans)
“History: Decade-by-Decade”
Credit:
Pro Football Hall of Fame, 2005
http://www.profootballhof.com/history/decades/
(Overall
NFL History Decade by Decade)
“Black
QBs find more opportunities”,
Posted: November
08, 1998,
By Cliff Christl of the Journal Sentinel staff
http://www.jsonline.com/packer/sbxxxiii/news/qb110898.asp
(Charlie
Brackins and History)
“Thrower was first black QB to play in NFL”
Posted: February
22, 2002
by Associated Press
http://espn.go.com/classic/obit/s/2002/0221/1338084.html
(Willie
Thrower and History)
“Minnesota's first collegiate Black
quarterback, Sandy Stephens!”,
Posted:
2005, African American Registry
http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/1161/Minnesotas_first_collegiate_Black_quarterback
(Sandy
Stephens and History)
“Williams
busted Broncos, barriers “
Posted:
September/October 2001 By Phil Barber, NFL Insider
http://www.nfl.com/insider/2001/williams_doug090601.html
(Doug
Williams)
“Gilliam
paved the way for black quarterbacks in the NFL “
Posted: December
30, 2000
By Paul Zeise, Post-Gazette Sports Writer
http://www.post-gazette.com/steelers/20001230gilliam2.asp
(Joe Gilliam)
“Beating
the Odds – James Harris”
Posted: Feb
22, 2005
by College Football Hall of Fame
http://www.collegefootball.org/news.php?id=559
(James Harris)
“The Hall
Welcomes a Hero”
Posted: Feb.
5, 2005
by Brett Hoover / The Ivy League
http://www.fritzpollard.com/
(Fritz
Pollard and Early History)
“Limited
chances, big breakthroughs”, By Donald Hunt
The Philadelphia Tribune, 11/21/2004 (Overall History)
Hard Road to Glory – A History of the African
American Athlete Since 1946, Chapter 4, By Arthur Ashe, Warner Books
Incorporated, Copy Right 1988 (Overall History of African American Football
including Quarterbacks).
I’m Still
Scrambling By Randall Cunningham and Steve Wartenberg, Double Day Publishing (New York), Copy Right 1993 (Randall
Cunningham and History)
The First
Black Quarterback, Marlin Briscoe with Bob Shaller, Cross Training Publishing,
Copy Right 2002 (Marlin Briscoe, Eldridge Dickey, James Harris and others)
The Negro
in Sports, Chapters VI & VII, By Edwin Bancroft Henderson, The Associated
Publishers Inc (Washington DC), Copy Right 1939 (Early History including Fritz
Pollard)
Quarterblack:
Shattering the NFL Myth, by Doug Williams and Bruce Hunter, Bonus Books, Inc
(Chicago), Copy Right 1990 (Doug Williams, James Harris, and History)
The Sports
Encyclopedia: Pro Football, The Modern Era 1960-1995, By David Neft, Richard M.
Cohen, and Rich Korch, St. Martins Griffin Publishing (New York), Copy Right
1996 (NFL History and Statistics)
Interview
on 8/25/05 By Lloyd Vance, editor of BQB-Site (http://www.bqb-site.com)
of Ray Didinger from NFL Films and a
member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame regarding the topic of the impact of
African American Quarterbacks and their history.
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